Journal: Materials Today Bio
Article Title: Injectable chitosan-based hydrogel via in situ gelation modulates the inflammatory microenvironment and facilitates minimally invasive repair of peripheral nerve injury
doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.102814
Figure Lengend Snippet: Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative capacity of hydrogels. Flow cytometry (A) reveals that IBU-CS-GP hydrogel significantly promote M2 polarization of LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages (B) RT-PCR analysis suggests that IBU-CS-GP downregulates pro-inflammatory gene TNF-α (C) and upregulates anti-inflammatory genes of IL-4 (D) in comparison to CS-MA and CS-GP. IBU-CS-GP markedly attenuates ROS and NO production in LPS-stimulated macrophages, as indicated by DCFH staining (H), flow cytometry analysis (G), and ROS & NO quantification (E–F). One-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test and n = 3 for B-F; ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, n.s. ANOVA, analysis of variance; CS, chitosan; IBU, ibuprofen; GP, genipin; MA, methacrylic anhydride; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; n.s., not significant; NO, nitric oxide; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; ROS, reactive oxygen species; DCFH, 2′,7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein; DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.
Article Snippet: Mouse fibroblasts (L929, ATCC), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs, ATCC), and mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7, ATCC) were provided by the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Comparison, Staining, Polymerase Chain Reaction